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NEW-WORLD  HEALTH  READERS 

Edited  by  John  W.  Ritchie 


A  CHILD'S 
BOOK  OF  THE  TEETH 

BY 

Harrison  Wader  Ferguson,  D.D.S. 

Illustrated  by 
the  Author 


1922 

World  Book  Company 

Yonkers-on-Hudson 
New  York 


WORLD  BOOK  COMPANY  ^f^^^ 

THE  HOUSE  OF  APPLIED  KNOWLEDGE 


Established,  1905,  by  Caspar  W.  Hodgson 

YONKERS-ON-HUDSON,  NeW  YoRK 

2126  Prairie  Avenue,   Chicago 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  house  to  assist  in 
applying  the  knowledge  gained  through  the 
researches  of  specialists  to  the  needs  and 
problems  of  mankind.  Editor  and  publisher 
take  pleasure,  therefore,  in  oflFering  A  Child's 
Book  of  the  Teeth  as  the  first  of  a  series 
of  New- World  Health  Readers  for  use  iu 
the  elementary  grades 


3 


Bid  them  wash  their  faces 
and  keep  their  teeth  clean. 
Shakespeare's  Coriolanus 


nwhr:  fcbt-7 


Copyright,  1918,  by  World  Book  Company 
Copyright  in  Great  Britain 


^^ 


(J- 


All  rights  reserved 


Tie  medical  profession  at  large  recognizes  the  fact  that 
the  condition  of  the  mouth  has  a  most  important  influence 
on  the  health  of  the  child,  and  in  public  dental  clinics  and 
in  schools  where  the  subject  of  mouth  hygiene  has  been 
introduced  it  is  being  demonstrated  that  sound  teeth  are 
one  of  the  greatest  protections  against  disease. 

By  the  work  so  far  accomplished,  it  has  been  shown  that 
a  clean  mouth  benefits  a  child's  health,  increases  his  pride  in 
his  personal  appearance,  and  makes  him  quicker  to  learn. 
Everyday  experience  has  taught  us,  moreover,  that  the  ner- 
vousness caused  by  an  ailing  tooth  prevents  concentration 
on  school  work.  Oral  hygiene  is  as  important,  therefore, 
as  any  subject  taught  in  our  schools. 
y^  We  are  all  agreed  on  the  importance  of  preserving  the 
y  teeth  of  our  children ;  how  to  do  this  is  the  problem  that 
we  must  solve. 

The  author's  experience  with  children,  both  in  private 
practice  and  in  public  dental  clinics,  has  convinced  him  that 
a  right  attitude  of  mind  and  pleasant  associations  are  neces- 
sary to  make  the  proper  care  of  the  mouth  a  habit  of  daily 
life.  Unless  the  child  has  a  knowledge  of  at  least  the  simplest 
facts  regarding  his  teeth  and  has  learned  the  importance  of 
keeping  the  teeth  clean,  he  takes  little  or  no  interest  in  caring 
for  them.  The  mere  repetition  of  an  act  through  compul- 
sion does  not  fix  a  habit  unless  the  act  is  interesting,  and  it 
is  only  by  giving  the  child  a  knowledge  of  his  teeth  and  by 
making  their  care  attractive  and  interesting  that  we  shall 
fix  the  habit  of  cleanliness  in  him. 

By  teaching  prevention  we  must  do  away  with  the  child's 

[3] 


tooth  troubles  and  thereby  remove  its  fear  of  the  dentist. 
How  often  ha^/3B  the  teeth- bee«  hegiected  because  the  child's 
fear  caused  a  visit  to  the  dentist  to  be  postponed !  Yet  the 
greater  part  of  dental  decay  can  be  prevented  by  the  proper 
care  of  the  mouth  and  teeth,  and  if  the  dentist  is  used  in 
the  right  way  —  if  he  is  allowed  to  prevent  trouble  instead 
of  being  asked  to  remedy  it  —  there  is  no  pain  associated 
with  his  work  and  the  children  regard  him  as  a  friend. 

It  is  these  considerations  that  have  led  to  the  preparation 
of  this  little  book,  which  is  meant  to  appeal  directly  to  the 
child  and  to  stimulate  his  interest  in  caring  for  his  teeth. 
The  author  has  tried  to  set  forth  a  few  facts  of  a  scientific 
subject  in  a  simple,  interesting  manner,  that  the  book  may  be 
attractive  to  the  child  and  be  understood  by  him.  He  asks 
the  cooperation  of  teachers,  that  the  work  already  started 
in  the  schools  may  be  furthered,  and  of  parents,  that  it  may 
be  taken  up  in  the  homes.  The  dental  profession  is  con- 
tributing generously  of  its  time  to  the  cause,  and  deserves 
encouragement . 

May  this  little  book  help  the  children  of  our  generation 
grow  to  maturity  with  clean  mouths  and  sound  teeth, 
and  may  they  spread  the  gospel  of  mouth  cleanliness  to  the 
generations  that  are  to  come. 


[4] 


CONTENTS  :' 


» > » 


PAGE 


What  Teeth  Are 7 

Why  You  Need  Teeth 10 

How  Your  Teeth  Do  Their  Work  .        .        .        .'16 

Your  First  or  Baby  Teeth 18 

Why  You  Should  Take  Good  Care  of  Your  Baby  Teeth  20 

How  AND  Why  You  Lose  Your  Baby  Teeth          .        .  24 

Your  Six- Year  Molars 26 

Your  Second  or  Permanent  Teeth         ....  30 

Your  Wisdom  Teeth 32 

Why  You  Ought  to  Keep  Your  Mouth  and  Teeth  Clean  34 

The  Right  Way  to  Brush  Your  Teeth          ...  36 

A  Toothbrush  Drill 44 

How  TO  Take  Care  of  Your  Toothbrush      .        .        .  46 

Tooth  Powders,  Pastes,  and  Mouth  Washes         .        .  48 
How  TO  Keep  a  Record  of  Your  Teeth  and  Stop  Tooth 

Troubles 50 

How  A  Hole  or  Cavity  Forms  in  a  Tooth    .         .        .52 

Why  a  Tooth  Aches          . 56 

Why  Some  Teeth  Are  Crooked 58 

Nicknames  That  Teeth  Have 60 

Some  Things  to  Remember     • 62 


[5] 


Figure  1 


(To  the  tune  of  "Yankee  Doodle") 

Grinder  men  are  marching  on 
Well  armed  with  paste  and  powder, 
To  brush  the  realm  of  toothland  clean 
And  sound  the  warning  louder. 

Grinder  men  are  marching  on. 

Oh,  heed  their  words  of  warning  ! 

Be  a  soldier  for  the  cause, 

Brush  noon  and  night  and  morning. 


[6] 


WHAT  TEETH  ABE         ^     .    .      ,^ 

Your  teeth  are  hard,  white,  bonehke  bodies  placed 
in  your  upper  and  lower  jaws. 
They  cut  and  grind  your  food. 
They  help  you  to  talk. 
They  give  form  to  your  face. 


CROWN 


NECK 


ROOT 


Figure  2 


Figure  2  shows  the  shape  of  a  lower  molar  or  back 
tooth. 

A  tooth  has  three  parts,  as  you  see  in  the  picture. 

The  crown  is  that  part  of  the  tooth  seen  in  the  mouth. 
It  is  covered  with  white  enamel. 

The  root  is  that  part  of  the  tooth,  underneath  the 
gums,  which  holds  the  tooth  in  the  jaw. 

The  nech  is  the  line  where  the  crown  and  the  root 
meet,  at  the  edge  of  the  gums. 

[7] 


*/?  *  • ' 


•*   -••••• 


ENAMEL 


CEMENTUM 


DENTINE 


ROOT  CANAL 

OR. 

NERVE 
CHAMBER 


Figure  3 

Figure  3  is  the  same  tooth  cut  in  half  to  show  how 
it  is  formed. 

The  enamel  covers  the  crown  of  the  tooth,  and  under 
the  enamel  is  the  body  of  the  tooth. 

The  body  of  the  tooth  is  made  of  a  material  called 
dentine. 

The  dentine  has  a  canal  or  hole  running  through 
it. 

The  canal  holds  the  tooth  pulp. 

In  the  tooth  pulp  are  hlood  vessels  that  bring  nourish- 
ment to  the  tooth. 

It  also  has  in  it  nerves  through  which  you  feel  when 
you  have  a  toothache. 

The  root  has  a  thin  covering  of  a  bonelike  material 
called  cementum. 

There  is  a  little  hole  in  the  end  of  the  root  where  the 
nerves  and  the  blood  vessels  enter  the  tooth. 

[8] 


%%  liiii 
Milll 


Figure  4.     Enamel  prisms 


The  enamel  which 
covers  and  protects 
the  crown  of  the  tooth 
is  a  hard,  white,  brit- 
tle substance  made 
up  of  small  six-sided 
prisms.  It  is  brittle 
like  glass. 

If  you  bite  into  very 
hard  candy  or  crack 

nuts  with  your  teeth,  you  may  crush  some  of  these 
little  prisms. 

The  little  hole  left  by  the  broken  prisms  will  hold 
food  and  cause  the  tooth  to  decay  if  it  is  not  cleaned 
out  and  filled  by  a  dentist. 

Dentine  is  a  dense  white  substance  softer  than  the 
enamel. 

When  exposed  to  the  fluids  of  the  mouth,  dentine 
decays  more  easily  than 
does  enamel. 

Dentine  is  very  much 
like  the  ivory  of  an  ele- 
phant's tusk.  The  ele- 
phant's tusks  keep  on 
growing  like  finger  nails; 
but  if  the  enamel  and 
dentine  on  your  teeth 
are  once  destroyed,  they 
are  never  replaced.  Figure  5 

[9] 


WHY  YOU  NEED  TEETH 

Did  you  ever  hear  a  person  talk  who  had  lost  all  his 
teeth  ?     Could  you  understand  what  he  said  ? 

How  important  the  teeth  are  in  helping  you  to  talk ! 

How  did  you  like  the  way  that  person  looked  with 
his  face  sunken  in  ? 

Should  you  like  to  have  your  face  look  like  this  ? 


Figure  6 


Your  teeth  help  to  form  your  face. 
They  make  you  look  young  or  old. 
People  who  lose  them  look  old. 
How  should  you  eat  if  you  did  not  have  any  teeth  ? 

[10] 


Think  of  that  the  next  time  you  are  good  and  hungry. 
You  must  have  food  with  which  to  nourish  your  body. 
Your  food  is  both  sohd  and  hquid. 
You  must  have  something  with  which  to  cut  and 
grind  the  sohd  part  before  it  enters  your  stomach. 
Your  teeth  are  for  that  purpose ! 
Your  teeth  are  to  cut  your  food. 
See  how  different  the  old  gentleman  looks  with  teeth. 


Figure  7 


Be  sure  to  chew  your  food  before  you  swallow  it. 

Man  and  animals  eat  many  kinds  of  foods.  They 
need  different  kinds  of  teeth  with  which  to  chew 
them. 

[11] 


Figure  8  shows  the 
sharp,  pointed  teeth  of 
the  dog. 

Even  his  back  teeth 
or  molars  are  pointed. 

His  jaws  work  up  and 
down  Hke  a  pair  of 
scissors. 

His  teeth  tear  apart  his  food  and  crack  bones. 
There  are  fluids  in  his  stomach  which  dissolve  his 
food. 

Figure  10  shows  the  long,  sharp  teeth  of  the  tiger. 


WM 


Figure  8 


Figure  9 

[12] 


The  tiger's  jaws  work 
up  and  down  like  the 
dog's. 

The  tiger  Kves  on  the 
flesh  of  animals  and  needs 
only  to  tear  his  food  apart 
and  crack  up  bones. 

The  tiger's  long,  sharp 
front  teeth,  and  his  claws, 
are  used  to  catch  and  kill 
other  animals. 


Figure  10 


Figure  11 

[13] 


Figure  12  shows  a  molar  or  back  tooth 
of  a  horse.  You  see  that  it  is  very  large 
and  strong. 

The  horse's  food  is  made  up  of  grains, 
grass,  and  hay. 

These  foods  have  to  be  crushed  and 
ground  up  fine. 

The  horse's  jaws  work  from  side  to 
side. 


Figure  12 


The  horse's  front 
teeth  act  like  a  mow- 
ing machine  and  cut 
down  the  grass  and 
weeds. 

His  big  back  teeth 
grind  the  grass  up 
fine  so  that  he  can 
swallow  it. 

The  broad,  flat  sur- 
faces of  his  teeth  glide 
over  each  other  as  he 
grinds  his  food. 

His  teeth  work  like 
millstones  when  they 
grind  up  wheat  into 
flour. 


[14] 


Figure  13 


Figure  14  shows  a  broad, 
flat  molar  tooth  of  an  ele- 
phant. 

The  elephant  also  lives  on 
leaves,  hay,  and  fruit. 

This  kind  of  food  has  to  be 
crushed  and  ground. 

Your  food  is  both  animal 
and  vegetable,  and  so  you  need 
both  kinds  of  teeth  with  which  to  cut  and  grind  it. 

Don't  you  think  your  teeth  are  worth  taking 

CARE   OF  ? 


Figure  15 

[15] 


HOW  YOUR  TEETH  DO  THEIR  WORK 


Figure  16 


Each  tooth  has  its  own  work  to  do  in  the  cutting 
and  grinding  of  the  food. 

Each  tooth  is  so  shaped  that  it  can  do  its  work. 
That    is   why  your   teeth   are   of 
different  shapes  and  sizes. 

Your  front  or  incisor  teeth  have 
thin  biting  edges  (Fig.  16). 

When  your  upper  and  lower  teeth 
come  together,  they  cut  off  the 
food. 

They  cut  much  as  a  pah*  of  scissors 
cuts. 

The  squirrels  have  very  sharp  front 
teeth   so    that    they   can   cut   open 
the  hard  shells  of  nuts. 

The  beavers  can  cut  down  trees  with  their 
teeth. 

When  the  teeth  of  these  little  animals  wear 
down,  they  keep  on  growing  like  finger  nails. 

Your  cuspid  teeth  are  at  the  corners  of  your 
mouth  (Fig.  18). 

They  act  as  guides  and  prevent  your  jaws 
from  going  too  far  to  the  side  when  you  chew. 
They  also  help  to  separate  the  food  into 
shreds. 

These  are  the  teeth  that  grow  into  the  long 
tusks  of  a  dog  or  tiger. 

[16] 


Figure  17 


front 


Figure  18 


Figure  19 


ttii 


Figure  21 


Your  side  or  bicuspid  teeth  have 
double-pointed  ends  (Fig.  19). 

They  tear  apart  the  food  and 
crack  up  hard,  brittle  food. 

They  work  much  the  same  as 
a  nutcracker. 

Your  back  or  molar  teeth  have 
broad,  biting,  crushing  sur- 
faces (Fig.  21). 

They  are  the  grinders. 

They  crush  and  grind  your 
food. 

They  work  Hke  millstones. 

Chew  your  food  thorough- 
ly.    Your  teeth  were  made 

FOR   USE. 

The  more  you  use  your  teeth 
in  chewing  the  stronger  they 
will  become,  but 


Figure  20 


Figure  22 


Don't  use  your  teeth  for  a  nutcracker. 


Figure  23.    How  your  teeth  come  together  to  cut  and  grind  your  food 

[17] 


YOUR  FIRST  OR  BABY  TEETH 


LOWER 
Figure  24 

[18] 


THEIR  NAMES,  PLACES  IN  THE  MOUTH,  AND 
WHEN  THEY  APPEAR 

The  first  or  baby  teeth  are  twenty  in  number,  ten 
in  the  upper  jaw  and  ten  in  the  lower  jaw. 

In  Figure  24  each  kind  of  tooth  has  a  number  on  it. 
The  names  of  these  kinds  of  teeth  are  as  follows : 

1.  Central  incisors. 

2.  Lateral  incisors. 

3.  Cuspids. 

4.  First  molars. 

5.  Second  molars. 

These  teeth  appear  in  the  following  order : 

The  four  central  incisors  between  the  5  th  and  8th 
months.  » 

The  four  lateral  incisors  between  the  6th  and  10th 
months. 

The    four   first    molars    be- 
tween the  11th  and  16  th        /^^ 

months.  \((f  ^ 

The  four  cuspids  between  the  '] ' 

14th  and  20th  months.  | 

The  four  second  molars  be-  fe\ 

tween  the  20th  and  36th  ^^^ 

months. 


The  lower  teeth  usually  ap- 
pear a  few  weeks  earlier  than 
the  corresponding  upper  teeth. 

[19] 


Figure  25.     First  arrivals 


WHY  YOU  SHOULD  TAKE  GOOD  CARE  OF 
YOUR  BABY  TEETH 

You  have  twenty  little  baby  teeth.  These  will  chew 
your  food  until  you  grow  big  enough  for  your  larger 
or  permanent  teeth. 

The  baby  teeth  act  as  pathfinders  for  your  perma- 
nent teeth.  They  form  a  roadway  for  your  permanent 
teeth,  and  guide  them  into  their  proper  places. 

The  permanent  teeth  form  at  the  roots  of  the  baby 
teeth  and  grow  into  their  places. 

The  baby  teeth  ought  to  be  kept  until  they  loosen 
naturally  and  are  pushed  out  of  your  gums  by  the  per- 
manent ones. 

To  keep  your  baby  teeth  until  it  is  time  for  them  to 
come  out,  you  must  give  them  the  best  of  care. 

They  ought  to  he  brushed  after  each  meal  and  before 
you  go  to  bed  at  night. 

You  ought  to  be  taken  to  the  dentist  every  three  months, 
even  before  all  your  baby  teeth  have  come  in. 

The  dentist  can  stop  any  decay  that  starts  and  can 
see  that  the  baby  teeth  come  in  their  proper  places. 

All  this  is  very  important,  for  this  care  will  prevent 
any  tooth  troubles. 

You  need  then  have  no  fear  of  the  dentist,  for  what 

LITTLE  WORK  HE  MAY  HAVE  TO  DO  WILL  NOT  HURT  YOU  ! 

By  brushing  your  teeth  and  keeping  them  clean,  and 
by  having  the  dentist  clean  them  and  care  for  them 
often,  YOU  WILL  keep  holes  from  forming. 

[20] 


By  preventing  your  tooth  troubles  in  this  way,  you  also 
avoid  a  greater  expense  in  having  your  teeth  filled  later. 

You  will  escape  toothache,  and  you  will  have  strong, 
sound  second  teeth. 

Your  mouth  will  be  clean,  and  you  can  chew 
YOUR  FOOD  as  it  ought  to  be  chewed. 

^  It  is  a  bad  thing  to  lose  any  of  your  baby  teeth  be- 
fore the  proper  time,  because  then  your  big  permanent 
teeth  will  not  have  room  to  come  through  the  gums 
into  their  proper  places. 

When  a  little  tooth  is  taken  out,  the  jaw  shrinks 
and  tries  to  close  up  the  space  that  is  left. 


^ 


Figure  26 


Figure  27 


Figure  26  shows  the  space  that  is  left  when  a  front 
baby  tooth  has  been  taken  out. 

Figure  27  shows  what  happens  later. 

See  how  the  jaw  shrinks  and  tries  to  close  the  space. 

This  narrows  the  jaw,  and  when  the  large  permanent 
teeth  which  are  forming  in  the  jaw  above  try  to  come 
down  into  their  proper  places,  they  do  not  have  room 
enough.  Then  one  or  more  of  them  are  crowded  out 
of  line  and  become  "crooked  teeth." 

It  is  most  important  of  all  to  keep  your  baby  molars 
until  your  six-year  molars  are  in  their  proper  places, 

[21] 


The  six-year  molars  are  the  first  teeth  of  the  second 
or  permanent  teeth  to  come  through  the  gums. 

Their  proper  place  is  just  behind  your  baby  molars. 

If  you  lose  your  baby  molars  too  early,  the  six-year 
molars  will  push  forward  into  the  space  left  by  the  baby 
molars. 

This  will  crowd  some  of  your  other  permanent  teeth 
out  of  line  when  they  come  through  the  gums. 


Figure  28 

Figure  28  shows  a  lower  baby  cuspid  and  a  molar 
tooth  in  their  proper  places.  It  also  shows  the  space 
left  by  the  second  baby  molar  that  has  been  lost. 

The  six-year  molar  has  come  through  the  gums. 

See  how  the  six-year  molar  has  pushed  forward  into 
the  space  left  by  the  baby  molar  instead  of  coming 
up  straight  into  its  proper  place  between  the  dotted 
lines. 

Now  it  does  not  leave  enough  space  for  the  other 
permanent  teeth  that  come  through  in  front  of  it. 

[22] 


Figure  29 


Figure  29  shows  one  result 
of  losing  the  baby  molar. 
The  second  bicuspid  did  not 
have  room  enough  and  has 
been  pushed  out  of  its  proper 
place. 

Figure  30  shows  another  result  of  losing  the  baby 
molar. 

The  bicuspid  teeth  were  pushed  forward  by  the  six-year 
molar  into  the  space  where  the  cuspid  tooth  should  come  in. 

There  was  then  no  place  for  the  cuspid  tooth. 

The  roots  of  the  teeth  underneath  it  were  in  its  path, 
and  it  was  forced  to  come  in  out  of  line. 


Sometimes  one  or  more  baby  teeth  will  remain  in  the 
mouth  longer  than  they  should. 

If  baby  teeth  are  kept  in  the  mouth  too  long,  they 
sometimes  prevent  the  second  or  permanent  teeth  from 
coming  through  into  their  proper  places. 

Go  TO  YOUR  DENTIST  EVERY  THREE  MONTHS,  AND 
TAKE  GOOD  CARE  OF  YOUR  BABY  TEETH. 

[23] 


HOW  AND   WHY  YOU  LOSE  YOUR 
BABY  TEETH 

When  you  are  about  three  years  old,  all  your  baby 
teeth  are  fully  formed  and  in  your  mouth.  Under- 
neath your  baby  teeth  other  teeth  are  forming. 

These  other  teeth  are  called  your  second  or  permanent 
teeth. 

They  are  the  teeth  you  will  use  when  you  grow  up. 

As  you  grow  older  and  your  jaws  become  larger, 
these  second  or  permanent  teeth  keep  on  growing,  too. 
Soon  they  start  on  their  journey  to  take  the  places  left 
by  your  baby  teeth  when  their  work  is  done. 

As  your  second  or  permanent  teeth  grow  larger, 
your  baby  teeth  must  give  way  to  make  room  for  them. 
So  the  roots  of  your  baby  teeth  start  to  melt  away  as 
ice  melts  into  water. 

When  all  the  roots  have 
melted  away,  the  baby  teeth 
become  loose.  Then  they  are 
soon  pushed  out  of  your  gums 
by  the  second  or  permanent 
teeth.  These  come  through  the 
gums  and  take  the  places  of  the 
baby  teeth. 

Be  sure  that  the  baby  teeth  are 
in  their  proper  places. 

They  are   the  guides   for   the 
permanent  teeth. 

[24] 


Figure  31 


Figure  32 


Figure  33 


Figure  34 


/  Figure  32  shows  an  upper  baby  tooth  and  a  second 
or  permanent  bicuspid  tooth  growing  in  the  jaw  above 
it. 

Figure  33  shows  the  second  or  permanent  tooth 
partly  formed ;  as  it  grows  larger  it  comes  down  toward 
the  roots  of  the  baby  tooth,  causing  them  to  melt  away. 

Figure  34  shows  the  second  or  permanent  tooth 
fully  formed,  ready  to  come  through  the  gums.  Below 
it  is  the  crown  of  the  baby  tooth. 

With  its  roots  all  melted  away,  the  baby  tooth  is 
ready  to  drop  out  of  the  mouth. 

In  the  lower  jaw  the  same  thing  takes  place,  except 
that  the  baby  tooth  is  pushed  wp  and  out  instead  of 
down  and  out. 

Take  good  care  of  your  baby  teeth.  Remember  that 
each  one  guides  a  second  tooth  into  its  place. 

[25] 


^ 


YOUR  SIX-YEAR  MOLARS 

When  you  are  nearly  six  years  old,  watch  for  your 
first  permanent  molars. 

These  are  the  first  teeth  of  the  second  set. 

They  are  called  six-year  molars. 

On  each  side  of  your  mouth  you  will  find  them  right 
behind  your  last  baby  molars  in  both  the  upper  and 
lower  jaws. 

Keep  the  crowns  of  the 
six-year  molars  perfectly 
clean  as  soon  as  they 
come  through  the  gums.      '^^^^^^gt^^^^  JHHBR^ 

They  decay  more  easily  ^^^^^^^^^^§  .  ..  ,  .^^ 
than  your  other  teeth.  "^^^^^^KS^^^^^P^S 

They  have  deep  grooves        Figure  35.     where  to  find  the  six-year 

on    the     biting    surfaces  "'^^^'^ 

which  are  liable  to  hold  food  particles. 

These  particles  will  cause  decay  in  the  tooth  if  not 
brushed  away. 

Between  the  ages  of  six  and  ten,  when  the  baby 
teeth  are  being  lost  and  the  second  teeth  are  coming 
into  their  places,  these  six-year  molars  do  most  of  the 
work  of  chewing  your  food. 

Watch  for  your  six-year  molars  and  keep  them  clean. 

They  are  often  thought  to  be  baby  teeth  and  are 
allowed  to  decay. 

The  six-year  molars  are  the  largest  and  most  important 
teeth  of  your  second  or  permanent  set. 

[26] 


On  the  end  of  a  railroad  track  we  often  find  what 
is  called  a  "bumper." 

The  bumper  keeps  the  cars  from  leaving  the  track. 

Your  six-year  molars  act  as  bumpers  for  your  other 
permanent  teeth ! 

They  cause  the  other  teeth  to  stay  on  the  track  and 
come  into  their  proper  places. 

Your  teeth  will  come  in  out  of  line  if  you  lose  your  six- 
year  molars  before  the  permanent  teeth  are  in  their  proper 
places ! 

This  coming  in  out  of  line  will  change  the  form  of  your 
face, 
.  Your  teeth  will  not  come  together  properly,  and  this 
will  make  it  harder  for  you  to  cut  and  grind  your  food. 

Be  sure  to  take  good  care  of  your  baby  molars.     Try 

to   KEEP    THEM    UNTIL   YOUR   SIX- YEAR  MOLARS  ARE   IN 
THEIR  l>ROPER  PLACES. 


u   u    u    u — u    u — D    cr 

Figure  36 

[27] 


Figure  37 

Figure  37  shows  the  result  of  losing  a  six-year  molar 
at  an  early  age. 

See  how  the  second  molar  has  tipped  forward  and 
the  second  bicuspid  has  tipped  backward,  nearly  filling 
the  space  left  by  the  six-year  molar. 

This  causes  the  lower  front  teeth  to  settle  back  and 
makes  the  upper  front  teeth  appear  to  stick  out. 

Notice  that  the  upper  and 
lower  teeth  do  not  meet  as 
they  should. 

This  makes  it  difficult  to 
chew  the  food  properly. 

Figure  38  shows  a  side  view 
of  the  upper  and  lower  front 
teeth  in  proper  position,  and 
the  position  they  will  take 
if  the  six-year  molars  are 
lost. 

[28] 


Figure  38 


Figure  39 

Figure  40  shows  the 
result  of  losing  the  lower 
six-year  molars  at  an 
early  age. 

Note  the  difference  in 
the  lower  part  of  the 
face. 

This  causes  a  prominent 
upper  lip  and  changes  the 
expression  of  the  face. 


Figure  39  shows  the 
profile  of  a  young  lady 
eighteen    years    of     age. 

Her  six-year  molars 
were  kept  in  their  proper 
place.  Her  lips  close  easily 
and  the  expression  of  her 
face  is  natural. 


Figure  40 


The  six-year  molars  should  never  be  taken  out  if  it 
is  possible  to  save  them. 
Take  good  care  of  your  six-year  molars,  or 

YOUR  teeth  will  RUN  OFF  THE  TRACK. 

[29] 


YOUR  SECOND  OR  PERMANENT  TEETH 


i    I     III' 

II     '        '  '    ' 

I     III     I 


\    ^  \   \    \     \   \ 


LOWER 

Figure  41 

[30] 


THEIR  NAMES,  PLACES  IN  THE  MOUTH,  AND 
WHEN  THEY  APPEAR 


1. 

Central  incisors. 

5. 

Second  bicuspids. 

2. 

Tiateral  incisors. 

6. 

First  molars. 

3. 

Cuspids. 

7. 

Second  molars. 

4. 

First  bicuspids. 

8. 

Third  molars. 

The  second  or  permanent  teeth  are  thirty-two  in  num- 
ber, sixteen  in  the  upper  jaw  and  sixteen  in  the  lower 
jaw.     These  teeth  appear  in  the  following  order : 

The  four  first  molars  between  the  5th  and  6th  years. 
The  two  lower  central  incisors  between  the  6th  and 

7th  years. 
The  two  upper  central  incisors  between  the  7th  and 

8th  years. 
The  four  lateral  incisors  between  the  7th  and  9th 

years. 
The  four  first  bicuspids  between  the  9th  and  10th 

years. 
The  four  second  bicuspids  between  the    10th   and 

12th  years. 
The  four  cuspids  between  the  11th  and  13th  years. 
The  four  second  molars  between  the  12th  and  16  th 

years. 
The  four  third  molars  between  the  17th  and  21st 

years  or  later. 

The  lower  teeth  usually  appear  a  few  months  earlier 
than  the  corresponding  upper  teeth. 

[31] 


/ 


YOUR  WISDOM  TEETH 


Any  time  after  you  are  sixteen  years  old  you  may 
look  for  your  third  molars  to  come  through  your  gums. 

These  teeth  are  commonly  called  wisdom  teeth. 

They  come  in  after  all  your  other  teeth  are  in  your 
mouth. 

They  are  the  teeth  farthest  back,  right  behind  your 
second  molars. 

I 


Figure  42 

Figure  42  shows  a  wisdom  tooth  in  its  proper  position. 
Sometimes  they  do  not  have  room  to  come  in  prop- 
erly and  need  special  treatment  by  the  dentist. 


«Ty\^rT3i 


Figure  43 

Figure  43  shows  a  wisdom  tooth  that  did  not  have 
room  enough  to  come  in  as  it  should. 

See  how  it  has  tipped  forward  and  is  held  in  that 
position  by  the  second  molar. 

[32] 


Very  often  teeth  of  this  kind  cause  pain  and  sore- 
ness of  the  gums  and  have  to  be  removed. 

When  the  wisdom  teeth  do  come  in  their  proper 
places,  they  are  well  worth  taking  care  of  and  keeping. 
Being  so  far  back  in  your  mouth,  they  are  hard  to  keep 
clean,  so  take  extra  good  care  of  them. 

Sometimes  spaces  are  formed  between  the  teeth  when 
the  teeth  are  unusually  small  or  the  jaws  are  extra 
large,  or  when  one  or  more  teeth  have  been  lost. 

When  the  wisdom  teeth  come  in  they  push  these 
separated  teeth  close  together. 

This  keeps  the  food  from  packing  down  between  them. 

If  food  packs  between  teeth  and  is  not  taken  out, 
it  will  cause  the  teeth  to  decay. 

Sometimes  when  the  second  molar  has  been  lost  by 
decay,  the  wisdom  tooth  comes  forward  and  takes  its 
place  and  does  good  work  for  years. 

You  see  these  teeth  are  worth  saving. 

Be  wise  and  keep  your  wisdom  teeth  clean  ! 


Figure  44 

[33] 


WHY    YOU  OUGHT  TO  KEEP  YOUR  MOUTH 
AND  TEETH  CLEAN 

Do  you  like  to  eat  clean  food  ? 

Do  you  like  to  eat  food  from  clean  dishes  ? 

Of  course  you  do. 

Then  see  that  you  put  clean  food  into  a  clean 
mouth. 

You  would  not  like  to  eat  anything  you  knew  was 
dirty. 

But  your  food  becomes  dirty  the  minute  you  put  it  into 
a  mouth  that  is  not  kept  clean. 

Your  teeth  cut  and  grind  your  food  into  a  pulpy 
mass. 

This  mass  is  mixed  with  your  saliva. 

If  your  teeth  are  not  clean,  if  your  teeth  have  holes 
in  them  which  hold  decaying  food,  or  if  any  of  your 
teeth  are  diseased,  your  saliva  will  be  filled  with  germs  ! 

Then  food  mixed  with  this  dirty  saliva  is  taken  into 
your  stomach. 

The  germs  from  the  teeth  and  the  poisons  they  pro- 
duce enter  the  blood  and  are  carried  through  the  body. 

This  is  what  causes  a  great  deal  of  sickness ! 

If  you  do  not  keep  your  teeth  in  perfect  order,  or  if 
you  do  not  brush  your  teeth  after  each  meal  and  before 
you  go  to  bed  at  night,  the  food  you  swallow  will  be 
dirty. 

Do  you  like  to  smell  a  foul  breath  ? 

Of  course  not. 

[34] 


Then  see  that  no  odor  comes  from  your  mouth ! 
By  keeping  your  mouth  and  teeth  clean, 

(1)  You  save  your  baby  teeth,  which  protect  the 
second  teeth  that  are  forming  underneath  them ; 

(2)  You  keep  the  natural  form  of  your  face ; 

(3)  You  keep  your  health ; 

(4)  You  will  have  strong,  healthy  second  teeth  and 
you  will  he  free  from  toothache  ! 

Remember  that  your  teeth,  by  grinding  your  food, 
help  to  nourish  your  body  and  make  it  possible  for  you 
to  live. 

Brush  your  teeth  after  each  meal  and  before  you  go 
to  bed  at  night. 

"Cleanliness  is  next  to  Godliness  !" 
Help  to  make  the  world  pleasanter  to  live  in 

BY  keeping  your  MOUTH  AND  TEETH  CLEAN. 


WE  BRUSH  OUR  TEETH 
FOUR  TIMES  A  DAY. 


Figure  45 

[35] 


THE  RIGHT  WAY  TO  BRUSH  YOUR  TEETH 


.A:>^$SJft?-^ 


i^^kiz^^^mh. 


Figure  46 

There  are  spaces  between  your  teeth  which  must  be 
kept  clean. 

Use  a  toothbrush  with  a  notched  edge  Hke  a  saw. 

Use  a  medium-sized  brush  with  bristles  of  medium 
stiffness. 

It  is  better  to  have  two  brushes  if  possible. 

By  using  one  brush  one  day  and  the  other  brush  the 
next  day,  you  will  make  your  brushes  last  longer  and 
do  better  work. 


CSV.VK'!W"*«**-'-''^*-'*=^*'-**<'^'rj!T>;i^%iv.\*t»V-»-^i>vi-!vi 


^mmmmmm^^^ 


Figure  47.    The  right  kind  of  toothbrush.    It  fits  the  spaces 
between  the  teeth 


[36] 


Don't  use  your  tooth- 
powder  BOX  LIKE  A  SALT 
SHAKER. 

It  wastes  the  powder  ! 


Figure  49 


Figure  48 

Be  sure  that  you  put 
the  powder  on  your 
toothbrush  and  not  in 
the  wash  basin  ! 

You  may  use  a  small 
amount  of  tooth  paste  if 
you  like  that  better,  but 

REMEMBER  THAT  THE  JVIOST 
•■  IMPORTANT  THING  IS  THE 
•'       BRUSHING  ! 

:.  If  you  have  no  paste  or 
powder,  put  a  little  salt  in 
a  half  glass  of  water  and 
brush  your  teeth  with  the 
salty  water. 

[37] 


Read  carefully  this  page  and  the  pages  following  it, 
and  look  at  the  figures. 

You  will  then  know  how  to  brush  your  teeth  the 
right  way. 

First  look  at  Figure  50.     ' 


^^^Sm^ 


^0^^^M$000i^^><n^m^'^i 


Figure  50 


Now  place  your  toothbrush  between  your  cheek 
and  upper  gum  on  the  left  side  of  your  mouth. 

Put  it  well  back  in  your  mouth  with  the  bristles  well 
up  on  the  gums,  as  you  see  it  in  Figure  50. 

Now  partly  close  the  teeth. 

With  the  brush  well  up  on  the  gums  as  you  see  in 
the  picture,  push  your  brush  backward  and  downward 
to  the  lower  gums,  then  forward  and  upward,  making  a 
complete  circle, 

[38] 


Repeat  this  movement  several  times,  and  gradually 
work  around  to  the  front  teeth. 

Then  remove  your  brush  and  place  it  in  the  right 
side  of  your  mouth  and  repeat  the  movement. 

This  cleans  the  outside  surfaces  of  your  teeth  and  the 
spaces  between  them. 

Now  brush  the  inside  surfaces  of  your  upper  teeth. 


Look  at  Figure  51  and  place 
your  brush  in  that  position. 

Use    an    in-and-out,    back-and- 
forth  movement. 

The    movement    is    the    same 
one    that    a    bootblack 
shining  shoes. 

Be  sure  to  brush  the  inside  surfaces  of  the  back  teeth. 
Your  teeth  will  not  be  thoroughly  cleaned  unless  you 
brush  all  the  surfaces  of  each  tooth. 

[39] 


Now  brush  the  inside  surfaces  of 
your  lower  teeth. 

Look  at  Figure  52  and  place 
your  brush  in  that  position. 


:feii^i-i«i«^^iAi«M^ii::j^ 


Figure  52 


Figure  53 


Repeat  the  in-and-out  move- 
ment on  the  lower  teeth. 

Brush   as    far    back   as  you 
can. 

Learn  to  control  your  tongue     , 
so  that  you  can  brush  the  in- 
side   surfaces    of    your    lower  "^ 
back  teeth. 


[40] 


Now  brush  the  biting  surfaces  of  your  upper  teeth, 
where  you  chew  your  food. 


V-V.V/:<:.-/^>;-'5'V,-!V'<;;^i»,ri?.V':tc3'-^?'.'r»-' 


Figure  54 

Look  at  Figure  54  and  place  your  brush  in  that 
position. 

Use  an  in-and-out  movement.  This  cleans  out  the 
pits  and  grooves. 

Now  brush  the  biting  surfaces  of  your  lower  teeth. 

Look  at  Figure  55  and  place  your  brush  in  that 
position. 

Repeat  the  in-and-out  movement. 


Figure  55 

[41] 


Always  brush  your  teeth  for  two  minutes  by  the 
clock. 

After  brushing  your  teeth  thoroughly,  take  some 
waxed  dental  floss  if  you  have  it  and  draw  it  carefully 
between  your  teeth  so  as  not  to  injure  the  gums. 

This  will  remove  any  remaining  food  particles. 

Or  you  may  wash  out  your  mouth  with  the  mouth 
wash  mentioned  on  page  49. 

Force  the  liquid  in  and  out  between  your  teeth  with 
your  cheek  muscles. 

Wash  out  your  brush  and  give  it  special  attention 
as  explained  on  page  46. 

Remember  also  that  you  cannot  keep  your  teeth 

PERFECTLY    CLEAN    UNLESS    YOU    HAVE    THEM    CLEANED 
OFTEN  BY  THE  DENTIST. 


Figure  56 

[42] 


The  dentist  can  remove  little  spots  where  decay 
might  start  and  can  clean  surfaces  on  your  teeth  that 
you  cannot  reach  with  your  toothbrush. 

Here  are  some  other  directions : 

Do  not  press  too  hard  on  the  brush. 

Do  not  brush  your  teeth  crosswise  the  way  you 
would  play  a  mouth  organ. 

It  is  a  good  plan  to  start  brushing  on  the  left  side 
of  your  mouth  one  morning  and  on  the  right  side  the 
next  morning.  You  know  that  when  you  are  brushing 
your  teeth  the  powder  washes  off  the  brush.  So  if 
you  always  begin  brushing  on  the  left  side,  the  teeth 
on  that  side  will  get  the  most  powder. 

If  your  gums  bleed  when  you  brush  your  teeth,  it 
shows  that  the  brushing  of  your  teeth  has  been  neg- 
lected. 

If  you  will  brush  them  regularly  several  times  a  day, 
the  bleeding  will  stop  and  your  gums  will  become  hard 
and  pink. 

Do  not  be  afraid  to  brush  your  teeth  four  or  five 
times  a  day. 

You  CANNOT  KEEP  YOUR  TEETH  TOO  CLEAN  ! 


Figure  57 


[43 


A  TOOTHBRUSH  DRILL 

Two  or  three  children  provided  with  toothbrushes,  dentifrice, 
cups  of  water,  and  a  basin  should  demonstrate  this  drill  before 
the  class.  It  is  published  by  courtesy  of  Dr.  Alfred  C.  Fones, 
Bridgeport,  Connecticut.  This  is  the  standard  drill  approved 
for  use  in  the  public  schools  of  New  York  City. 

Attention  !     (All  in  line,  elbows  close  to  side  with 
brushes  in  right  hand  and  cups  in  left.) 

1.  Ready  —  Dip  !  ^     (Wet  the  toothbrush.) 

2.  Outside  surfaces.     (As  instructed  on  page  38.) 
Left  side  —  ready  —  count  1-16  —  Dip  ! 
Right  side  —  ready  —  count  1-16  —  Dip  ! 
Front  —  ready  —  count  1-16  —  Dip  ! 

3.  Inside  surfaces,     (See  page  39.) 

Upper  left  side  —  ready  —  count  1-16  —  Dip  ! 
Upper  right  side  —  ready  —  count  1-16  —  Dip  ! 
Upper  front  —  ready  —  count  1-16  —  Dip  ! 
Lower  left  side  —  (See  page  40.)  1-16  —  Dip  ! 
Lower  right  side  —  ready  —  count  1-16  —  Dip  ! 
Lower  front  —  ready  —  count  1-16  —  Dip  ! 

4.  Chewing  surfaces.     (See  page  41.) 

Upper  left  side  —  ready  —  count  1-16  —  Dip  ! 
Upper  right  side  —  ready  —  count  1-16  —  Dip  ! 
Lower  left  side  —  ready  —  count  1-16  —  Dip  ! 
Lower  right  side  —  ready  —  count  1-16  —  Dip  ! 

^  We  do  not  recommend  the  dipping  of  the  toothbrush  in  a  cup  of  water  several 
times  in  the  act  of  cleaning  the  teeth,  but  no  doubt  this  is  the  best  method  that 
can  be  employed  in  our  schools  at  the  present  time.  At  home  running  water  from 
the  tap  should  be  used. 

[44] 


Figure  58 


[45] 


HOW  TO  TAKE  CARE  OF  YOUR 
TOOTHBRUSH 

Next  to  keeping  your  teeth  clean,  the  most  impor- 
tant thing  is  to  keep  your  toothbrush  clean. 

It  is  not  well  to  clean  your  teeth  with  a  dirty  brush. 

If  you  do  not  give  your  brush  careful  attention,  it 
will  be  dirty ! 

After  you  have  used  the  brush  it  becomes  like  a 
tiny  forest  filled  with  queer  little  things  called  germs. 

Here  is  a  good  way  to  keep  your  toothbrush  clean : 

After  using  the  brush,  wash  it  out  with  warm  water. 

Have  a  salt  shaker  handy  and  sprinkle  common  table 
salt  on  the  bristles  until  they  are  well  covered.^ 

Hang  up  the  brush. 

The  salt  will  soon  harden,  forming  a  coat  of  salt  over 
the  brush. 

This  coat  of  salt  protects  the  brush  from  the  dust, 
drives  out  the  germs,  and  toughens  the  bristles. 

Before  using  the  brush  again  wash  off  the  salt  and 
apply  tooth  powder  or  paste. 

The  little  taste  of  salt  you  will  get  is  refreshing  and 
is  good  for  your  mouth. 


Figure  59 

*  The  use  of  salt  in  keeping  the  toothbrush  clean  was  suggested  by  Dr.  Hugh  W. 
MacMillan. 

[46] 


Figure  60 


Here  is  another  way  to  keep  your  brush  clean : 
Wash  out  the  brush  with  hot  water. 
Pour  a  httle  mouth  wash  over  it. 

Twice  a  week  let  the  brush  stand 
in  a   glass  with  the  bristles  covered 
^      ,_ .     with  a  borax  solution. 

1\'   III    ""'I  III         This  is  made  of  a  teaspoonful  of  com- 
nA1lJ^|||1||     ^^^  powdered  borax  in 
half  a  glass  of  water. 

Let  your  brush  stay 

in  this  liquid  from  the 

time    you    brush    your 

teeth     after     breakfast 

until  you  come  from  school  at  noontime. 

This  care  will  keep  your  toothbrush 

sweet  and  clean. 

Do  not  hang  your  brush  up  near  other 
brushes. 

A  screw  eye  makes  a  good  holder. 

Have  two  brushes  if  you 
can. 

Hang   your    toothbrush 
up  away  from  the  dust. 

Use  your  brush  several  times  a  day. 
When  the   bristles  of   your  brush   be- 
come  separated   or   matted,   get   a   new 
brush. 


Figure  61 


Figure  62 


''A   NEW   BROOM   SWEEPS   CLEAN." 

[47] 


TOOTH  POWDERS,  PASTES,   AND   MOUTH 

WASHES 

When  you  clean  your  teeth,  it  is  much  easier  and 
more  pleasant  to  use  a  tooth  powder  or  paste  than 
to  brush  them  with  just  plain  water. 

Tooth  powders  and  pastes  help  to  clean  and  polish 
your  teeth  and  it  is  well  to  use  them,  but  don't  forget 

THAT  THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  THING  IS  THE  BRUSHING  ! 

Use  a  little  water  with  salt  in  it  if  you  have  nothing 
else,  but  brush  them  ! 

Do  not  brush  your  teeth  with  charcoal  or  any  gritty 
substance. 

Do  not  use  a  colored  tooth  powder  or  paste;  it  is 
better  to  use  a  white  one. 

There  are  so  many  good  tooth  powders  sold  in  the 
stores  that  it  hardly  pays  to  make  one  at  home. 

If,  however,  you  wish  to  make  one,  here  is  a  simple 
powder  that  will  help  you  keep  your  teeth  clean : 

Mix  together  4  ounces  of  precipitated  chalk,  1  tea- 
spoonful  of  powdered  orris  root,  and  1  teaspoonful  of 
pure  powdered  Castile  soap. 

Put  this  mixture  in  a  box,  add  to  it  20  drops  of  the 
oil  of  peppermint,  and  shake  it  well  for  several  minutes. 

This  will  make  enough  powder  to  last  you  a  long 
time. 

It  is  well  after  you  have  brushed  your  teeth,  if  you 
do  not  use  the  waxed  dental  floss,  to  wash  out  your 
mouth  with  a  mouth  wash. 

[48] 


The    wash   removes    any   remaining   food   particles 
present  and  makes  your  mouth  feel  clean  and  pleasant. 
Here  is  the  way  to  use  a  mouth  wash : 
Take  a  little  of  the  liquid  into  your  mouth. 
Force  it  back  and  forth  between  your  teeth  with  the 
muscles  of   the  cheeks  —  the  muscles  you  use  when 
blowing  a  horn. 

Force  the  liquid  back  and  forth  several  times. 

Don't  try  to  do  it  by  shak- 
ing your  head. 

Use  three  mouthfuls  of  the 
wash. 

You  may  buy  many  good 
mouth  washes  at  the  stores, 
but  this  simple  one  will  do  the 
work: 

To  a  pint  of  boiled  water  add 
1    teaspoonful    of    common 
table  salt  and 

1  tablespoonful  of  limewater. 
To  flavor  this  solution  you 
may  add 
3  drops  of  the  oil  of  peppermint, 
2  drops  of  the  oil  of  anise,  and 
1  grain  of  saccharin. 

Use  tooth  powders,  pastes,  and  mouth  washes  if  you 
have  them;    but  if  you  have  not,  clean  your  teeth 
with  plain  water  with  a  little  salt  in  it. 
The  important  thing  is  to  brush  them  ! 

[49] 


Figure  63 


HOW  TO  KEEP  A  RECORD  OF  YOUR  TEETH 
AND  STOP  TOOTH  TROUBLES 

Your  teeth  are  more  likely  to  decay  during  your 
childhood  days  than  when  you  grow  older. 

For  this  reason  they  should  have  careful  attention 
when  you  are  young. 

Keep  a  record  of  your  teeth. 

Every  three  months  take  this  book  to  the  dentist.^ 

He  will  examine  your  teeth,  do  any  little  work  that 
may  be  needed,  and  mark  the  chart  for  you. 

This  is  the  way  to  stop  all  fear  of  the  dentist  and  all 
your  tooth  troubles. 

Remember  that  it  does  not  hurt  to  have  your  teeth 
cleaned  and  filled  when  it  is  done  at  the  right  time. 

The  only  way  to  know  the  right  time  is  to  have  your 
teeth  looked  at  often  by  the  dentist. 

The  little  holes  that  may  form  in  a  few  months'  time 
can  be  easily  filled. 

This  prevents  further  trouble. 

If  you  brush  your  teeth  after  each  meal  and  before 
going  to  bed  at  night,  q-nd  have  a  dentist  look  at  them 
often,  there  will  be  very  little  work,  if  any,  to  be  done 
on  your  teeth. 

Your  visit  to  the  dentist  will  become  a  pleasure 
and  you  will  always  have  good  teeth. 

"  An  ounce  of  prevention  is  worth  a  pound  of 
cure!" 

1  If  you  do  not  own  the  book,  place  a  piece  of  thin  paper  over  the  opposite  page 
and  make  a  copy  of  the  chart.     This  copy  may  then  be  taken  to  the  dentist. 

[50] 


UPPER  TEETH 
RIGHTr^  o^'^*'^^*^<:ii-(Tl  LEFT 

'   -'    MOLARS 

V  ■v^IX-YEAR    /  y 
^MOLARS     VT, 

RIGHT  Tv-«a.        ^.^^^^Yleft 

-   '-^  '^/'^/'x/^-' 
LOWERTEETH 

Name : Age: .... 

Address: Date: 

€(  I  promise  to  brash  my  teeth  four  times  a  day,  and 
toaoto  my  dentist  every  tkree  months. 

(signed) 

Figure  64 

[51] 


HOW  A  HOLE  OR  CAVITY  FORMS  IN 
A  TOOTH 

Remember  that  a  cavity  or  hole  will  not  form  in 
a  clean  tooth. 

If  a  cavity  does  form  in  a  tooth,  you  may  be  sure 
it  was  caused  by  your  allowing  food  or  candy  to  stay 
between  your  teeth  after  eating,  instead  of  brushing 
it  away. 


Figure  65 

Figure  65  shows  the  space  between  two  back  teeth 
where  the  food  was  not  brushed  away. 

After  a  few  hours   the  food    soured    and    became 
acid. 

The  acid  ate  its  way  into  the  tooth  between  the 
enamel  prisms,  forming  a  little  hole. 

The  saliva  carried  germs  into  the  tooth,  causing  the 
tooth  to  decay. 

[52] 


Figure  66  shows  where 
the  germs  of  decay  have 
worked  into  the  tooth. 

Now  is  the  time  to 
have  the  dentist  clean 
out  the  bad  place  and 
fill  the  cavity. 

//  it  is  done  at  this 
time,  it  will  not  hurt  ! 

Go    to    your    dentist 
often   so   that    he   may 
find  and  fill  these  little 
places  that  have  started  to  decay. 

Even  a  little  hole  no  bigger  than  a  pin  point  may 
soon  become  a  large  cavity  if  it  is  not  attended  to  at 
the  proper  time. 

Figure  67  shows  the  cavity  after  it  has  grown  larger. 
The  tooth  now  begins 
to  ache ! 

A  cavity  has  started  to 
form  in  the  next  tooth, 
also. 

This  is  caused  by  the 
food  that  is  held  in  the 
large  cavity. 

Even    at    this    stage   a 

dentist  can  save  the  tooth. 

The  nerve  in  the  tooth 

is  still  alive.  Figure  67 

[53] 


Figure  68 


Figure  68  shows  the.  result  of  negleoting  the  tooth. 

The  top  has  broken  in,  leaving  a  large,  ugly  hole. 

This  hole  has  a  rough  edge  which  cuts  the  tongue. 

Perhaps  the  nerve  is  now  dead. 

The  tooth  does  not  hurt  any  more,  so  you  do  not 
bother  about  it. 

But  some  day  a  little  bag  will 
form  on  the  end  of  one  of  the 
roots. 

In  the  dead  nerve  pus-germs  are 
growing. 

Sometimes  these  little  germs  force 
their  way  out  in  a  root  and  form  a 
little  bag  of  pus  at  the  end  of  the  root. 

This  little  bag  will  cause  a  "gum 
boil "  to  form ;  your  face  will  swell, 
and  you  will  look  like  this  — 

[54] 


Figure 


And  your  tooth  may  have  to  he  pulled  out ! 

Do  you  not  think  it  would  be  better  to  take  good 
care  of  your  teeth  in  the  first  place  and  avoid  all  this 
trouble  ? 

"A   STITCH    IN   TIME    SAVES    NINe!" 


Now  there's  old  Jack  Nerve  a-waitin' 

In  his  house  so  clean  an'  white, 

Ef  you  let  the  sprites  get  hammerin' 

an'  bangin'  with  their  might, 
He'll  get  so  mad  an'  angry,  he'll  tear 

an'  rave  about 
For  the  toothache'U  surely  git  you 
Ef  you 
Don't 

Watch 
Out! 
(JViih  apologies  to  James  Whitcomh  Riley) 


Figure  70 


[55] 


WHY  A  TOOTH  ACHES 


Figure  71 


The  nerve  in  a  tooth  is  similar  to  a 
Jack-in-the-box. 

While  the  cover  is  on,  Jack  is  quiet  and 
contented;  but  if  you  poke  at  him  or 
loosen  the  cover  that  protects  him,  he 
jumps  up  and  makes  a  big  stir. 

In  the  picture  on  the  opposite  page 
you  can  see  Mr.  Jack  Nerve  in  his  tooth 
box. 

Something  must  have  gone  wrong,  for  he  does  not 
seem  very  happy. 

The  sprites  of  dental  decay  are  after  him. 

See  how  they  are  chipping  the  enamel  roof  off  his 
house ! 

Other  sprites  are  boring  holes  and  trying  to  break 
through  the  sides  of  his  house. 

This  lets  the  cold  air  in  and  it  hurts  him. 

He  is  used  to  being  shut  in  tight,  away  from  the  cold 
and  heat. 

He  soon  becomes  angry. 

He  swells  up  and  gets  red  in  the  face  ! 

He  pounds  and  hammers  on  the  sides  of  his  house, 
trying  to  scare  the  sprites  away. 

This  pounding  is  the  toothache  I 

Guard  Mr.  Jack  Nerve  well.     Then  the  dental  sprites 
cannot   destroy  his   house   and   you  will  have   no 

TOOTHACHE ! 

[56] 


Figure  72    . 

You  better  scrub  an'  clean  'em 
An'  mind  what  you're  about. 
For  the  toothache'll  git  you 
Ef  you 
Don't 

Watch 
Out! 
(With  apologies  to  James  Whitcomb  Riley) 

[57] 


WHY  SOME  TEETH  ARE   CROOKED 


There  is  a  good  reason  why  you  should  be  taken  to 
the  dentist  often,  even  before  all  your  baby  teeth  are 
in  place.  If  he  sees  you  three  or  four  times  a  year, 
he  can  tell  whether  your  mouth  is  growing  and  develop- 
ing properly. 

It  is  just  as  important  for  your  baby  teeth  to  come 
in  straight  and  in  their  proper  places  as  it  is  for  your 
second  or  permanent  teeth  to  do  so. 

You  have  seen  on  page  21  what  causes  some  teeth 
to  "come  in  crooked."  _ 

Here  are  some  other  causes : 

(1)  Thumb  and  finger  suck- 
ing. 

This  habit  narrows  the 
mouth. 

It  forces  the  upper  teeth 
out  and  the  lower  teeth 
in. 

This  gives  an  unpleasant 
look  to  the  face  »and  the 
food  cannot  be  cut  with  the 
front  teeth. 

Figure  74  is  a  picture  of 
the  mouth  of  a  thumb-suck- 
ing child  at  the  age  of  twelve 
years. 

[58 


Figure  73. 


One  cause  of  crooked 
teeth 


See  how  the  upper  teeth 
stick  out  over  the  lower 
front  teeth.     This  is  the 

RESULT  OF  THUMB  OR  FIN- 


.GER  SUCKING 


If  you  want  your  face 
to  have  its  natural  form, 
your  teeth  must  come 
into  their  proper  places  and  stay  there. 

(2)  Mouth  breathing. 

If  you  breathe  through  your  mouth,  the  muscles  of 
your  nose  are  not  used  enough  to  develop  the  upper 
part  of  your  face  properly. 

The  face  becomes  long  and  narrow,  giving  it  an 
unnatural  appearance. 

The  mouth  becomes  narrow,  forcing  the  front  teeth 
to  extend  out  and  shortening  the  upper  lip. 

Mouth  breathing  is  generally  caused  by  growths  in 

the  nose  or  throat,  and  these 
\  growths  should  be  removed 

'Si  as  soon  as  possible. 

If  you  cannot  breathe 
easily  through  your  nose, 
have  your  doctor  examine 
you  and  find  out  what  the 
trouble  is. 

Stop    these    habits    as 

Figure  75  SOON  AS  POSSIBLE  ! 

[59] 


NICKNAMES  THAT  TEETH  HAVE 


Some  teeth  have  been  given  nicknames  on  account 
of  their  places  in  the  mouth  ;  some  on  account  of  their 
forms;  and  others  on  account  of  their  uses. 

Milk  teeth.  Your  first  or  baby  teeth 
are  called  milk  teeth.  During  the  time 
these  teeth  are  forming  and  coming  into 
your  mouth,  your  food  consists  mostly  of 
milk. 

Eye  teeth.  The  roots  on  your  upper 
cuspid  teeth  are  very  long  and  they 
point  toward  your  eyes.  These  teeth 
are  commonly  called  eye  teeth. 

Stomach  teeth.     Your  lower  cuspid  teeth 
also  have  long  roots  which  point  toward 
your  stomach.    These  teeth  are  commonly 
called  stomach  teeth. 
Buck  teeth.     When  the  cuspid  teeth  at  the  corners  of 
the  mouth  are  forced  out  of  line,  they  became  promi- 
nent and  are  sometimes  called  buck  teeth. 

Peg  teeth.  Sometimes  a  tooth,  instead  of  being  nicely 
formed,  will  come  through  the 
gums  like  a  little  pointed  peg. 
The  lateral  incisors,  which 
are  next  to  the  centrals,  and 
the  wisdom  teeth,  are  most 
likely  to  be  formed  in  this 
way. 

[60] 


Figure  76 


Figure  77 


Figure  78 


Pitted    teeth.      You    have 
seen    teeth   with    Httle   pits  ^^ 
and  grooves  in  them. 

These  teeth  were  not  prop- 
erly nourished  at  some  period 
when  they  were  growing. 

Crooked  teeth.  Teeth  which  have  been  prevented 
from  coming  into  their  proper  positions  and  have  been 
pushed  out  of  hne,  are  commonly  called  crooked  teeth. 

False  teeth.  Teeth  that  are  made  by  the  dentist  tc 
take  the  place  of  the  natural  teeth  when  these  are  lost 
are  called  false  teeth.  These  teeth  are  made  of  porce- 
lain. 

Double  teeth.  The  large  molar  teeth  in  the  back  of 
the  mouth  are  sometimes  called  double  teeth. 

These  are  the  teeth  that  grind  the 
food. 

Wisdom  teeth.  Your  upper  and 
lower  third  molars  which  come  in 
after  you  are  sixteen  years  old,  are 
called  wisdom  teeth.  They  appear  after 
your  childhood  days  have  passed,  at 
which  time  you  are  supposed  to  have 
learned  wisdom. 


Show  that  you  have  wisdom  by 
keeping    your    mouth    and    teeth 

CLEAN  ! 


Figure  79 


[61 


SOME  THINGS  TO  REMEMBER 

Remember  that  you  are  not  to  bite  into  very  hard 
candy  or  to  crack  nuts  with  your  teeth. 

Remember  that  your  teeth  chew  your  food,  help  you 
to  talk,  and  help  to  make  and  keep  the  form  of  your 
face. 

Remember  that  your  teeth  were  given  you  to  use. 

Chew  your  food  1 

Do  not  chew  all  your  food  on  one  side  of  your 
mouth.     Use  both  sides. 

Remember  to  take  good  care  of  your  baby  teeth. 

Watch  for  your  six-year  molars,  and  keep  them 
perfectly  clean. 

Go  to  your  dentist  often,  so  that  he  may  see  that 
your  second  or  permanent  teeth  come  in  their  proper 
places. 

Remember  that  you  are  to  go  to  your  dentist  every 
three  months. 

Don't  forget  to  brush  your  teeth  after  each  meal  and 
before  you  go  to  bed  at  night. 

Brush  your  teeth  at  night  before  you  get  "too 
sleepy." 

Don't  go  to  school  in  the  morning  without  brushing 
your  teeth. 

If  you  want  to  be  successful  in  your  work  and  have 
people  respect  you,  kee'p  your  teeth  clean. 

Remember  that  if  you  want  clean  food  to  enter  your 
istomach,  you  must  keep  your  mouth  and  teeth  clean, 

[62] 


Form  a  circle  with  your  brush  when  you  are  brush- 
ing your  teeth.     Do  not  brush  your  teeth  crosswise. 

Remember  to  keep  your  toothbrush  clean. 

Keep  a  record  of  your  teeth.  It  will  keep  you  out 
of  trouble. 

Remember  that  you  can  prevent  holes  from  forming 
in  your  teeth  if  you  give  your  teeth  proper  care. 

Don't  blame  a  tooth  for  aching.  That's  the  way  a 
tooth  has  of  telling  you  it  has  been  neglected. 

If  you  want  your  second  or  permanent  teeth  to  be 
sound  and  straight,  take  good  care  of  your  baby  teeth, 

{To  the  tune  of  "  Tramp,  Tramp,  Tramp,  the  Boys  are  Marching") 

Scrub  !  scrub  !  scrub  !  are  words  of  warning, 
Keep  all  the  Grinders  shining  bright, 
Use  your  powder,  brush,  and  paste. 
There's  no  time  to  lose  or  waste, 
Keep  them  clean  by  brushing 
Morning,  noon,  and  night. 


Figure  80 

[63] 


The  castle  of  health.  Read  the  three  rules  for  the  preven- 
tion of  germ  diseases  given  below  and  tell  what  the  two  outer 
defenses  of  the  castle  and  the  walls  of  the  castle  itself  repre- 
sent. —  Picture    and    accompanying    legend    from     the    hoo{. 

A  Book  for  the  Modern 
HEALTH  Crusaders 

WHEN  the  Modern  Health  Crusaders'  work  is  done,  the  world 
will  be  free  from  germ  diseases.  In  order  to  do  his  bit  every 
person  in  the  fight  for  health  must  know  what  germs  are,  how  to 
keep  them  out  of  the  body,  and  how  to  build  up  the  resistance  of 
the  body  against  them. 
These  are  the  rules  : 

I.  Destroy  the  germs  that  come  from  the  bodies  of  the  sick. 

%.  Take  care  of  zvoundsy  protect  yoursef  from  biting  insects, 
and  guard  the  mouth  and  nose. 

3.  Keep  the  body  in  health  so  that  it  luill  be  able  to  kill 
disease  germs. 

You  can  learn  how  these  rules  are  to  be  carried  out  from  a  book 
called  Ritchie's  Primer  of  Sanitation,  which  has  been  studied  by 
millions  to  their  benefit.  It  is  the  only  simple  book  of  its  kind  and 
should  be  possessed  by  every  Perfect  Knight. 

The  price  is  $0.84   postpaid  to  any  address 


WORLD  BOOK  COMPANY 

YONKERS-ON-HUDSON,     NeW     YORK 

2126    Prairie    Avenue,    Chicago 


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OVERDUE. 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


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